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Acute Inflammation : Cellular changes and Vascular changer : USMLE Step 1 Pathology

Acute inflammation is a fundamental response of the body to injury or infection, characterized by a complex interplay of cellular and vascular changes. Vascular changes involve the rapid dilation of arterioles, leading to increased blood flow to the affected area, termed vasodilation. This is followed by increased permeability of venules, allowing plasma proteins and fluid to extravasate into the tissue, leading to edema formation. Cellular changes involve the recruitment of leukocytes, primarily neutrophils, from the bloodstream to the site of inflammation through a process called margination and rolling. Chemotactic factors released by injured tissues guide these leukocytes to the site of injury. Once at the site, neutrophils undergo diapedesis, squeezing between endothelial cells to enter the tissue. Here, they phagocytose pathogens or debris, releasing enzymes and reactive oxygen species to aid in microbial killing. Understanding the intricate cellular and vascular changes of acute inflammation is crucial for medical students preparing for the USMLE Step 1 pathology exam.

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