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Diuretics are a group of drugs that increase the production of urine. Diuretics are categorized according to the renal structures they act on and the changes they lead to in the volume and composition of urine, as well as electrolyte balance. Some of these effects are useful in treating disorders such as hypercalcemia, hypocalcemia, and hyperaldosteronism. The most commonly used diuretics with a pronounced diuretic effect are thiazides, loop diuretics, and potassiumsparing diuretics. Osmotic diuretics and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are used in acute settings to lower intracranial and/or intraocular pressure (e.g., cerebral edema, acute glaucoma). The most serious side effects of the majority of diuretics include volume depletion and excessive changes in serum electrolyte levels (particularly of sodium and potassium), which increases the risk for cardiac arrhythmias.

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