7.28 Time Stamp Based Protocol In DBMS | Time Stamp Based Locking | Concurrency Control Techniques

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Timestampbased Protocols
In twophase and graph based protocols, conflict transactions are found at run time. To order
them in advance, use timestamp based protocols.
(Conflict transactions are those transactions that need same data items during execution).
For each transaction Ti
, assign a unique fixed number or timestamp before it starts
execution. It is denoted by TS(Ti
) but never be equal. Timestamps can be given by using:
(i) System clock : System clock time is equal to timestamp of transaction.
(ii) Logical counter : Value of counter is equal to timestamp of transaction. Counter is
incremented every time after assigning new timestamp.
Two timestamps are associated with each data item v of database. These are:
(i) Write–TS(v) : Write timestamp of any data item is equal to the timestamp of most
recent transaction that executes write(v) successfully and write–TS(v).
(ii) Read–TS(v) : Read timestamp of any data item is equal to the timestamp of most
recent transaction that executed read(v) successfully and read–TS(v)