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Anatomy of Parathyroid Glands Location , Blood supply , Nerve supply , Histology , Development

The parathyroid glands were first identified by Sir Richard Owen in the Great Indian Rhinoceros in 1850 . They were identified in humans by Ivar Sandstrom, a Swedish medical student, in 1880 . The first parathyroidectomy was reported by Felix Mandl in 1929, 30 years prior to the isolation of human parathyroid hormone

The parathyroid glands are located on the posterior aspect of the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland. They are flattened and oval in shape, situated external to the gland itself, but within its sheath.

The majority of people have four parathyroid glands, although variation in number is common. Anatomically, the glands can be divided into two pairs:

Superior parathyroid glands – Derived embryologically from the fourth pharyngeal pouch. They are located approximately 1cm superior to the entry of the inferior thyroid arteries into the thyroid gland (at level of the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage).
Inferior parathyroid glands – Derived embryologically from the third pharyngeal pouch. Although inconsistent in location between individuals, the inferior parathyroid glands are usually found near the inferior poles of the thyroid gland. In a small percentage of people, the glands can be found as far inferiorly as the superior mediastinum.

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