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Axillary artery Anatomy Animation: Course, Branches, Relations and Clinical anatomy Usmle review

The axillary artery is a continuation of the subclavian artery, and it begins at the lateral border of the first rib. It extends to the lower border of the teres major muscle, where it becomes the brachial artery. The axillary artery can be divided into three parts based on its relationship to the pectoralis minor muscle.

Here is a breakdown of the axillary artery's parts, along with their branches, relations, and clinical significance:

First part (proximal):

Branches: No significant branches arise from this part.
Relations: It is located superior to the pectoralis minor muscle and is crossed anteriorly by the clavicle and the pectoralis minor tendon.

Second part (deep to the pectoralis minor):

Branches:
Superior thoracic artery: Supplies the upper part of the serratus anterior muscle and the superior chest wall.
Relations: The second part of the axillary artery lies deep to the pectoralis minor muscle, and it is accompanied by the cords of the brachial plexus.

Third part (distal):

Branches:
Thoracoacromial artery: It divides into four branches: the clavicular, acromial, deltoid, and pectoral branches. It supplies the pectoralis muscles, deltoid muscle, and the overlying skin.
Lateral thoracic artery: Supplies the lateral chest wall.
Subscapular artery: It further divides into the circumflex scapular artery and the thoracodorsal artery. The circumflex scapular artery supplies the scapular anastomosis, while the thoracodorsal artery supplies the latissimus dorsi muscle.

Relations:

First Part (proximal):

Medial: The axillary artery is in close proximity to the first rib, which is located medially to it.
Anterior: The axillary artery is crossed anteriorly by the clavicle, the subclavius muscle, and the clavipectoral fascia.
Posterior: The axillary artery is related posteriorly to the cords of the brachial plexus, which are bundles of nerves that provide innervation to the upper limb.
Second Part (deep to the pectoralis minor):

Superior: The axillary artery is in relation to the pectoralis minor muscle, which is located superiorly to it.
Inferior: The axillary artery is related inferiorly to the tendon of the pectoralis minor muscle.
Medial: The axillary artery is situated medial to the coracobrachialis muscle.
Lateral: The axillary artery is located lateral to the pectoralis major muscle.
Third Part (distal):

Superior: The axillary artery is in close proximity to the pectoralis minor muscle, which is located superiorly to it.
Anterior: The axillary artery is crossed anteriorly by the pectoralis major muscle and its clavicular head.
Posterior: The axillary artery is related posteriorly to the cords of the brachial plexus.
Medial: The axillary artery is situated medial to the humerus bone.
Lateral: The axillary artery is lateral to the medial side of the biceps brachii muscle.

Clinical relevance:

Injury to the axillary artery can occur due to trauma, leading to significant bleeding and potentially compromising blood supply to the upper limb.
Pulse abnormalities or weakened pulses in the upper limb can indicate vascular pathology, such as an occlusion or stenosis of the axillary artery.
Axillary artery cannulation is performed during certain surgical procedures, such as cardiac surgery or arteriography.

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