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Combined Effect of Drugs:
In summation, the two drugs act by different mechanisms, and the combined effect is equal to the sum of individual effects. In additive effect, both drugs act by the same mechanism, and the combined effect is the sum of individual effects. In synergism, the combined effect is more than the sum of individual effects. This can be achieved by sequential block where two drugs act on different steps of the same biochemical pathway. Or when one drug is altering the pharmacokinetic profile of the other drug. In chemical antagonism, one substance neutralizes the other purely by chemical means. In physiological antagonism, both substances act by different mechanisms and produce the opposite effects on the same physiological parameter. Pharmacological or receptor antagonism can be competitive or noncompetitive. In competitive antagonism, the agonist and antagonist compete for the same binding site. In reversible competitive antagonism, the binding of the antagonist is weak so by increasing agonist concentration maximum response can be achieved. In irreversible antagonism, the antagonist binds with a strong covalent bond. So binding is irreversible and maximum response cannot be achieved even with increasing agonist concentration. In noncompetitive antagonism, the antagonist does not compete for the same site as the agonist. It can be achieved by binding to an allosteric site on the same receptor molecule. Or by interfering with downstream signal molecules.

Chapters
00:00 Intro and Overview
01:15 Summation
02:10 Additive Effect
02:45 Synergism / Supraadditive Effect / Potentiation
04:41 Antagonism
05:07 Chemical Antagonism
05:56 Physiological Antagonism
07:00 Pharmacological Antagonism / Receptor Antagonism
07:34 Competitive Antagonism: Reversible & Irreversible
11:09 Noncompetitive Antagonism
12:21 Summary

Dr Vipul Navadiya

DISCLAIMER: This video is for education purposes only. Although every effort is made to ensure the accuracy of the material, viewers should refer to the appropriate regulatory body/authorized websites, guidelines, and other suitable sources of information as deemed relevant and applicable. In view of the possibility of human error or changes in medical science, any person or organization involved in the preparation of this work accepts no responsibility for any errors or omissions, or results obtained from the use of information in this video.