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Femoral Artery Anatomy Animation Origin, Course, Branches and relations | USMLE Review

The femoral artery is one of the major arteries of the lower limb, providing the vast majority of the blood supply to the thigh, leg, and foot.

Origin:

The femoral artery is a continuation of the external iliac artery, which changes its name to the femoral artery after it crosses beneath the inguinal ligament in the lower abdomen and enters the femoral triangle of the thigh.

Course:

After its origin, it runs down the anterior thigh within the femoral sheath and femoral triangle. It is lateral to the femoral vein and both structures are enclosed by the femoral sheath.

In the lower part of the thigh, the femoral artery passes through an opening in the adductor magnus muscle called the adductor hiatus, at which point it becomes the popliteal artery and continues into the popliteal fossa behind the knee.

Branches:

The femoral artery gives off several branches during its course. These include:
Superficial Epigastric Artery: This artery ascends to the skin and fascia of the lower part of the abdomen.
Superficial Circumflex Iliac Artery: This artery runs laterally, crossing the inguinal ligament.
Superficial External Pudendal Artery: This artery runs medially towards the skin and fascia of the penis or clitoris.
Deep Femoral Artery (Profunda Femoris): This is the main branch of the femoral artery. It supplies the thigh muscles and gives off the medial and lateral femoral circumflex arteries, which supply the hip joint.
Descending Genicular Artery: This artery supplies the upper part of the synovial membrane of the knee joint.

Function:

The femoral artery is the primary blood supply to the lower limb, supplying oxygenated blood and nutrients to the tissues of the thigh, leg, and foot. Its pulse can be palpated in the femoral triangle, making it a crucial point for clinicians assessing the circulation of the lower limb. It's also a common site for arterial catheterization procedures.

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