Reading historical texts of alchemy is puzzling because the underlying theory of transmutation is utterly foreign to modern physics and chemistry. Interestingly enough, the theory of alchemical change originated in the Meteorological speculations of none less than Aristotle. In his text the Meteorlogica he attempts to deploy his physics to explain phenomena between the Earth and the Heavens such as shooting stars, comets, sundogs, rainbows, etc. But in the same text, however, he will also provide his theory of "exhalations" which will also serves to explain how metals and minerals form deep within the earth. Thus, Aristotle's Meteorologica will not only explain how metals and minerals form but will also ultimately provide the physics by which substantial transmutation was thought to be achieved by the alchemists a theory which endured for over 2000 years.

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Recommended Readings:

Wilson Structure and Method in Aristotle's Meteorologica: A More Disorderly Nature 9781107042575
Reeve Aristotle's Chemistry 9781647920890
Lettinck Aristotle's Meteorology and its Reception in the Arab World 9789004109339
G.VuilleminDiem Aristoteles Latinus: Meteorologica. Translatio Guillelmi de Moerbeka 9782503530802
Francisci Vicomercati ... in quatuor libros Aristotelis Meteorologicorum commentarii https://www.google.com/books/edition/...
Rechter Gebrauch d'Alchimei https://www.google.com/books/edition/...