00:00 How Children Think & Learn. How & Why Children Fail To Achieve Success In School Performance

00:23 Important Topics

Why is Thinking important in Pedagogy?
The Reasons & Types of Thinking
Thinking & Learning The Connection
Culture & Thinking The Connection
Creative Thinking
Developing & Encouraging Thinking
Why Children Fail in School?
Helping Children Succeed
Thorndike – Connectionism & Laws of Learning

01:14 Why is Thinking important in Pedagogy?

Learning is the process of acquiring new understanding, knowledge, behaviours, skills, values, attitudes, & preferences
Data Information Experiences + Thinking = Learning
Thinking Develops throughout our life

03:22 The Processes & Reasons of thinking
Manifestation
Experience
Imitation
Concepts
Imagination
Interest, Desire, Motivation
Logic & Reasoning
Deductive
Inductive

06:16 Types of Thinking
Convergent
Divergent
Reflective
Linear
Lateral
Critical

11:01 Thinking & Learning – The Connection

Data Information Experiences Thinking Learning

The Tools of Thinking
Attention
Motivation
Memory
Language
Processing & Organizing
Handson Activity
Graphomotor (Writing)
Higher Order Thinking (Logic & Reasoning)
Emotions

Perception (Receiving) + Processing (Thinking) = Learning (Storing & Using knowledge)

14:51 Culture & Thinking

Our Culture, Beliefs, Values, Social practices & Background influence our thinking
Teaching material & methodologies should be culture agnostic, avoiding bias

16:33 Creative Thinking

Creative thinking can result in unique & original ideas or solutions to problems.
Divergent or OpenEnded Thinking person can think of different answers or solutions
‘Positive’ Divergent thinking can also be called as Creative Thinking
Convergent thinking is required to solve problems which have only one correct answer.
Creativity includes innovation & invention.

20:31 Developing & Encouraging Thinking

Provide opportunities for play & problem solving
Inculcate reading habits
Pause & wait Don't intervene or help immediately
Ask openended questions
Encourage questions & curiosity
Give responsibility
Help children develop hypotheses, using logic & problem solving skills
Encourage thinking in new & different ways Divergent or Out of the box
Teach the art of social learning

25:04 Why Children Fail in School?

Fear & Anxiety
Boredom
Confusion & Poor Teaching
Lack of Motivation
Social influence
Interpersonal issues
Physical or Learning disability
Health or Family issues
Distractions Social Media, Games

29:56 Helping Children Succeed

Factors for ensuring Success in School

Identifying the issues
Training & Sensitizing Teachers
Involving Parents
ChildCentric Teaching
Meaningful & Contextual Learning
Resources, Help & Support

32:51 Thorndike – Connectionism & Laws of Learning

Connectionism Learning consists of connections between stimuli & responses
By trial & error, animals identify connections between a stimulus & a satisfying result. These connections are strengthened because of the pleasure they bring

Thorndike's Main Laws of Learning
Readiness There has to be a readiness to learn
Exercise Regular exercise or practice strengthens learning
Effect Learning happens if the effect is satisfying

37:58 Thorndike's Subordinate Laws of Learning

MultipleResponses Learner may try multiple responses till a positive outcome is reached
Set or Attitude The attitude or a goal set by the learner acts as the motivation
Prepotency of Elements Potent elements will get higher responses
Response by Analogy Learners first use older positive experiences in newer situations
Associative Shifting The stimulus that gets a response can be slowly shifted

41:40 A young child responds to a new situation on the basis of the response made by him/her in a similar situation as in the past. This is related to law of

analogy of learning
effect of learning
attitude of learning process
readiness of learning

43:01 When a child fails, it means the

child is not fit for studies
child has not memorized the answers properly
child should have taken private tuition
system has failed

44:38 If a student is consistently getting lower grades in school, her parents can be advised to help her by

working in close association with teachers
withholding mobile phones, movies, comics & extra time for play
narrating her the hardships of life for those who do not possess proper education
forcing her to work harder at home

46:12 When children learn a concept & use it, practice helps in reducing the errors committed. This idea was given by

E L Thorndike

46:57 Which of the following statements about students' failure in schools are correct? Students

belonging to certain castes & communities fail since they do not have ability
fail in schools because appropriate rewards are not offered for their learning
fail because teaching is not done in a manner in which it is meaningful to them
fail because school system does not cater to individual child's needs & interests