Indigenous peoples, a group of around 5,000 distinct peoples, have a population ranging from 250 million to 600 million, with a focus on selfidentification, cultural differences, and experiences of subjugation and discrimination. They are predominantly minority groups in their traditional territories and have faced domination by other groups. Indigenous identity is not determined by Western colonization. Rights for Indigenous peoples are outlined in national legislation, treaties, and international law. The 1989 ILO Convention protects them from discrimination and the UN Declaration on Indigenous Peoples in 2007. However, Indigenous peoples continue to face threats to their sovereignty, economic wellbeing, languages, cultural heritage, and access to resources.