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Intestinal Secretions : Gastrointestinal physiology USMLE Step 1

The gastrointestinal tract is responsible for digestion and absorption of nutrients from food. To facilitate this process, the intestinal epithelium secretes various substances that aid in digestion and absorption. These intestinal secretions include:

Mucus: Mucus is secreted by goblet cells and helps to lubricate and protect the intestinal epithelium from mechanical and chemical damage.

Bicarbonate: Bicarbonate is secreted by the epithelial cells of the duodenum and helps to neutralize the acidic chyme entering from the stomach.

Enzymes: Various enzymes are secreted by the intestinal epithelium and the pancreas to digest carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. These include amylase, proteases, and lipases.

Hormones: The intestinal epithelium secretes several hormones, including cholecystokinin (CCK), secretin, and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP). These hormones help to regulate the digestive process and stimulate the release of bile and pancreatic enzymes.

Immunoglobulins: The intestinal epithelium secretes immunoglobulins, such as IgA, to protect against pathogens and toxins.

Electrolytes: The intestinal epithelium actively transports electrolytes, such as sodium, potassium, and chloride, to maintain the fluid and electrolyte balance in the body.

Overall, the intestinal secretions play an important role in the digestive process and help to maintain the homeostasis of the body. Understanding the physiology of these secretions is essential for the USMLE Step 1 exam.

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