Malthusian theory is a theory of demographic change. Specifically, it postulates that continued population growth will eventually outstrip the limited resources of our world. Once this happens, the death rate will climb until it passes the birth rate and the population will begin to shrink. The population will continue to shrink in this way until it reaches a size that can be sustained by existing resources.
Note that this theory is speculative and that there’s a lot of other explanations for population changes. For example, death rates in certain countries such as Japan have passed birth rates, but this has happened for entirely different reasons than those postulated here.

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