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Marbury v. Madison | 5 U.S. (Cranch 1) 137 (1803)
The presidential election of 1800 was one of the most contentious in our young nation’s history. Federalist President John Adams fought for reelection, but it became clear that the AntiFederalists, led by DemocraticRepublican and Vice President Thomas Jefferson, would take the office. Meanwhile, in an effort to preserve the influence of the party, the Federalistled Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1801, now known as the Midnight Judges Act, which reorganized the federal judiciary, and the District of Columbia Organic Act, both of which created dozens of new judgeships and justiceships.

Adams then spent his last next few weeks in office appointing dozens of Federalists to the judiciary. These appointees became known as the midnight judges. The group obtained approval from Congress on March 2nd. The commissions were signed by Adams and sealed by the Secretary of State on March 3rd. The last remaining step was for the commissions to be physically delivered to the appointees by the Secretary of State.

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