This is the third part in our series discussing Eurasian steppe nomads and blacksmithing, which covers as well society, economy and even cities in the eastern Eurasian steppes. In the previous two parts, I gave an overview of general trends and evidence for nomadic metal production, and then looked at some specific sites covering from the Xiongnu to the early Turkic states. In this final part of the trilogy, our story starts in the 10th century with the Khitan ruled Liao Dynasty, and then to the Mongol Empire of Chinggis Khan, where we see some of our most dramatic developments yet.


Part 1: Overview of Nomadic Blacksmithing:    • Nomad Blacksmithing 1: How Steppe Nom...  
Part 2: from the Xiongnu to the Türks:    • Nomad Blacksmithing 2: Xiongnu to the...  

00:34 Khitan Liao and Jurchen Jin Periods (ninthtwelfth centuries)
04:19 Khitans and Cast Iron
06:59 Mineral Coal in Mongolia
09:31 Mongol Empire
11:32 Avarga (first capital of Chinggis Khan)
13:00 Irons Bars
15:09 Chinqai Balasghun
16:09 Qaraqorum, capital of the Mongol World Empire
20:25 Culture

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1l...

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IMAGE CREDITS:

"Aerial photographic image of the Palace City, (2009)." Site of Xanadu, UNESCO. https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1389/g...

"Bituminous Coal." Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...

MUSIC ATTRIBUTES:

The other music is provided by Epidemic Sound. http://www.epidemicsound.com

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