Runes were letters in a related group of alphabets used to write early Germanic languages (including Old Norse and Old English). In this exploration of alphabet history, we look at the huge variety of languages and alphabets in ancient Europe that make the question of the runes' origin so fascinating and complicated.

Jackson Crawford, Ph.D.: Sharing real expertise in Norse language and myth with people hungry to learn, free of both ivory tower elitism and the agendas of selfappointed gurus. Visit JacksonWCrawford.com (includes bio and linked list of all videos).

Jackson Crawford’s translation of Hávamál, with complete Old Norse text: https://www.hackettpublishing.com/the...

Jackson Crawford’s translation of The Poetic Edda: https://www.hackettpublishing.com/the...
Audiobook: https://www.audible.com/pd/ThePoetic...

Jackson Crawford’s translation of The Saga of the Volsungs: https://www.hackettpublishing.com/the...
Audiobook: https://www.audible.com/pd/TheSagao...

Latest FAQs: https://vimeo.com/375149287 (updated Nov. 2019).

Jackson Crawford’s Patreon page:   / norsebysw  

Music © I See Hawks in L.A., courtesy of the artist. Visit http://www.iseehawks.com/

Logos by Elizabeth Porter (snowbringer at gmail).