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Peroneal Artery Anatomy: Quick Review Notes for USMLE Step 1

Origin: The peroneal artery, also known as the fibular artery, is a branch of the tibial artery, which in turn is a branch of the popliteal artery. The bifurcation of the tibial artery into the anterior tibial artery and the posterior tibial artery occurs at the level of the inferior border of the popliteus muscle, with the peroneal artery branching off from the posterior tibial artery.

Course: The peroneal artery travels down the leg in the company of the peroneal (fibular) nerve, running along the medial side of the fibula. It sits between the tibialis posterior and the flexor hallucis longus muscles in the upper part of its course.

Branches: The peroneal artery gives off several branches including muscular branches, nutrient arteries to the fibula, and the perforating branch that can connect with the anterior lateral malleolar network. Its terminal branch is the lateral calcaneal branch.

Clinical Significance: The peroneal artery is of clinical importance due to its potential use in fibular free flap procedures for reconstructive surgeries. Also, its patency can often provide crucial blood supply to the foot in cases where other arteries of the lower limb are occluded.

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