Persistent and Intractable Hiccups (Hiccough)
Phylogenetic origin, Epidemiology, classification, The Hiccup reflex arc, Pathophysiology, Hiccup common Causes, Investigations, home remedies, Nonpharmacological Secondline techniques, Gastric medications, GABA agonists, Dopamine antagonists, Calcium channel blockers and other medications. Acupuncture, stellate ganglion block, disruption of the phrenic nerve and the level of evidence for each treatment modality.