Content:
Introduction: 0:00
Superior Mesenteric Vein Tributaries: 1:25
Inferior Mesenteric Vein Tributaries: 02:30
Splenic Vein Tributaries: 04:05
Portal Vein Tributaries: 05:15
PortoCaval Anastomoses: 07:00


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Portal Venous System
Drain the blood from the unpaired visceral organs (large intestine, small intestine, pancreas, stomach, spleen, gall bladder)

Portal Vein (vena portae hepatis) formed by:
Superior Mesenteric Vein (vena mesenterica superior)
Splenic Vein (vena splenica)
Inferior Mesenteric Vein (vena mesenterica inferior)

Superior Mesenteric Vein:
Jejunal and ileal veins (venae jejunales et ileales)
Right Colic Vein (vena colica dextra)
Ileocolic vein (vena ileocolica)
Appendicular vein (vena appendicularis)
Midle colic vein (vena colica media)
Right gastroomental vein (vena gastroomentalis dextra)

Inferior Mesenteric Vein:
Opens into either the Splenic Vein, Superior mesenteric or the portal vein
Superior Rectal Vein (vena rectalis superior)
Sigmoid vein (vena sigmoideae)
Left Colic Vein (vena colica sinistra)

Splenic Vein
Starts from the Splenic Hilum
Left Gastroomental vein (vena gastroomentalis sinstra)
Short gastric Veins (venae gastricae breves)
Pancreatic Veins (venae pancreaticae)

Portal Vein
Left Gastric Vein (vena gastrica sinistra)
Oesophageal Veins (venae oesophageae)
Right gastric Vein (vena gastrica sinistra)
Prepyloric Vein (vena prepylorica)
Pancreaticoduodenal Veins (venae pancreaticoduodenales)
Cystic Vein (vena cystica)
Paraumbillical veins (venae paraumbilicales)

PortoCaval Anastomoses
System that connects the portal system with the caval system
Causes of portal hypertension:
○ Hepatic Causes (alcoholic liver damage, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Hepatitis C infection, other metabolic causes) lead to liver cirrhosis
○ Prehaptic causes (Portal vein thrombosis or tumor)
○ Posthepatic causes (Rightsided heart failure)
Anastomoses between the oesophageal veins
○ Through Azygos and Hemiazygos veins which empty into superior vena cava
○ Increased pressure in the portal system leads to Esophageal Varices
Anastomoses in the rectum
○ Through superior rectal vein
○ Middle rectal vein, which drains into the internal iliac
○ Inferior rectal vein, which drains into the internal pudendal vein
○ An increase in portal pressure may lead to internal hemorrhoids
Anastomoses between the paraumbilical veins and the subcutaneous veins around the umbilicus
○ Lead to caput medusae (name originate from medusa)
○ Anastomoses happen between the thoracoepigastric veins, superficial epigastric veins, and the paraumbilical veins
Increased portal pressure also leads to ascites (water in the peritoneal space)