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Prolactin Hormone : Endocrine Physiology USMLE Step 1

Prolactin is a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. Its main function is to stimulate milk production (lactation) in mammary glands after childbirth. However, prolactin also has other roles in the body, including regulation of reproductive function, metabolism, and immune system function.

Prolactin secretion is primarily regulated by the hypothalamus, which produces dopamine that inhibits prolactin release. When dopamine levels decrease, prolactin release is stimulated. Other factors that can increase prolactin secretion include estrogen, thyrotropinreleasing hormone (TRH), and stress.

Hyperprolactinemia, or high levels of prolactin in the blood, can occur due to various causes such as tumors of the pituitary gland or hypothalamus, medications such as antipsychotics, or even stress. It can lead to infertility, menstrual irregularities, galactorrhea (milk production outside of lactation), and decreased libido.

On the other hand, hypoprolactinemia, or low levels of prolactin, is a rare condition that can occur due to damage to the pituitary gland or hypothalamus. It can lead to failure to lactate, as well as other symptoms such as decreased bone density and increased susceptibility to infections.

In summary, prolactin is a hormone that plays a crucial role in lactation and has other important functions in the body. Its secretion is regulated by the hypothalamus and can be influenced by various factors. Abnormal levels of prolactin can lead to significant health issues.

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