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Sources:

Dr. Henry Abramson (YouTube)
"Who Was Doña Gracia Nasi? Jewish History as Biography"
   • Who Was Dona Gracia Nasi? Jewish Biog...  

Uriel da Costa
Exemplar Humanae Vitae
Courtesy San Jose State University
https://pdp.sjsu.edu/people/victoria....

CrashCourse (YouTube)
"Cartesian Skepticism Neo, Meet René: CrashCourse Philosophy #5"
   • Cartesian Skepticism  Neo, Meet Rene...  

François Soyer
"King Manuel I and the expulsion of the Castilian Conversos and Muslims from Portugal in 1497: new perspectives"
University of Southampton
http://www.catedraalbertobenveniste...

Bento de Spinoza
TheologicalPolitical Treatise
https://www.earlymoderntexts.com/asse...

0:00 The Portuguese Resistance
3:40 Gracia Mendes Nasi
5:55 The Dutch Revolt
9:20 Uriel da Costa
13:28 The Reopening of Western Europe
16:48 Spinoza
24:20 The Paradox of Chosenness
27:09 The Birth of Secular Judaism