For a long time, we thought of Protons as fundamental particles, but eventually, we determined that they were not and that they were in fact made from particles called quarks and gluons. This dramatically changed how we viewed the fundamental building blocks of everything around us. Now many of us know that protons are made from two up quarks and one down quark that are bound together with gluons. But it turns out that this is a great oversimplification. Matterantimatter particle pairs constantly form and annihilate all throughout the universe. We have known about this for a long time but what we didn’t understand is the extent to which it was occurring inside protons.

One startling result is that charmanticharm pairs can sometimes be observed inside of protons. This is surprising because charm quarks are larger and heavier than protons. This is another major departure from the simple 3 quark model of the proton. In this video, I briefly talk about the history of growing our understanding of the proton and the more recent results.

— References —
Only a few references for this work. Both these articles are pretty well written and have additional links in them for the keen reader.

[1] https://www.quantamagazine.org/inside...
[2] https://cerncourier.com/a/theproton...

— Social —
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— Equipment —
If you are interested in some of the equipment that I use to make these videos you can find the information below.
Camera: https://amzn.to/3VSpxfY
Audio: https://amzn.to/3Mgv3pw and https://amzn.to/3LXF7CH and https://amzn.to/3HXfTmE
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Teleprompter: https://amzn.to/3puDrZI