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SAPONIFICATION TEST
Saponification Test is performed for the Identification of Lipid in the given sample. Saponification means the formation of soap, the sample in which lipid is present will react with the alkali (NaOH) or KOH and hydrolyze into the salt and glycerol of the fatty acid. and this fatty acid salt is a soap molecule and due to the formation of these soap molecules, it produces foam after shaking.

Saponification is the hydrolysis of fats or oils under basic conditions to afford glycerol and the salt of the corresponding fatty acid. Saponification literally means "soap making". It is important to the industrial user to know the amount of free fatty acid present, since this determines in large measure the refining loss. The amount of free fatty acid is estimated by determining the quantity of alkali that must be added to the fat to render it neutral. This is done by warming a known amount of the fat with strong aqueous caustic soda solution, which converts the free fatty acid into soap. This soap is then removed and the amount of fat remaining is then determined. The loss is estimated by subtracting this amount from the amount of fat originally taken for the test.

The saponification number is the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the fatty acids resulting from the complete hydrolysis of 1g of fat . It gives information concerning the character of the fatty acids of the fat the longer the carbon chain, the less acid is liberated per gram of fat hydrolysed. It is also considered as a measure of the average molecular weight (or chain length) of all the fatty acids present. The long chain fatty acids found in fats have low saponification value because they have a relatively fewer number of carboxylic functional groups per unit mass of the fat and therefore high molecular weight .

To demonstrate this practice we have taken twosample as sample A and Sample B. and add NaOH (1mal) into both samples. and then add ethanol (0.5ml) in both test tubes. add them to a boiling water bath. after 15 mint shake them and there will be a formation of soap in this sample that contains lipid.

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