Learning Objectives
At the conclusion of this activity, participants should be better able to:
1. Understand causes of myocardial ischemia that can occur in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease, including coronary microvascular dysfunction and coronary vasospasm .
2. Identify the limitations of only assessing epicardial coronary arteries in the assessment of ischemic heart disease.   
3. Utilize current guidelines for the evaluation of chest pain syndromes and recognize invasive techniques that can be used for assessing coronary vasomotor disorders.