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In this lesson, you will learn about the modern understanding of the structure of the atom. We will discuss the nucleus of the atom, which is comprised of the protons and the neutrons. Surrounding the nucleus is a cloud of electrons. All of these particles in the atom have properties of waves, and in quantum mechanics they are described mathematically in terms of a wave function. The electrons have charge 1, while the protons have a charge of +1. The protons and neutrons are further composed of smaller objects called quarks, while the electrons are fundamental particles. We will discuss the atomic number and mass number of elements and isotopes of atoms on the periodic table.