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The multicultural city of Fiume sparked a series of national conflicts soon after the disintegration of the Habsburg Empire. Italian nationalists claimed it as a natural part of Italy, while the Yugoslavs wanted it for themselves. Fiume itself remained highly divided on this question, until Gabriele D’Annunzio marched in with his legionnaires and proclaimed the annexation to Italy. When the Italian government refused to accept that offer, D’Annunzio instead proclaimed his own state, the Regency of Carnaro. In this episode, we will learn everything about the history surrounding Fiume in the first postwar years, dissect the nature behind D’Annunzio and his aspirations and discuss what affect his adventure had on Italian fascism as a whole.

Sources:
Kenedi, Géza & Gerlai, Wilhelm: Nach und durch Ungarn 5. Bändchen, Von der Donau zum Quarnero. Fünfkirchen, Agram und die Zagorje, Fiume und das Küstenland, Zürich 1890.

Literature:
Cattaruzza, Marina: Italy and its Eastern Border 18662016, New York & London 2017.
Fried, Ilona: »Out to Sea, Hungarians!« History, Myth, Memories. Fiume 1868–1945, in: Spiegelungen. Zeitschrift für deutsche Kultur und Geschichte Südosteuropas (2020), Nr. 1, pp. 99109.
Ledeen, Michael A.: The first Duce. D'Annunzio at Fiume, Baltimore 1977.
MacMillan, Margaret: Die Friedensmacher. Wie der Versailler Vertrag die Welt veränderte, Berlin 2015.
Marcuzzi, Stefano: London, Treaty of (1915), in: International Encyclopedia of the First World War, https://encyclopedia.19141918online... (accessed on 26.06.2024).
Payne, Stanley G.: A history of fascism 1914 1945, Madison 1995.
Reill, Dominique Kirchner: The Fiume crisis. Life in the wake of the Habsburg Empire, Cambridge & London 2020.
VogelWalter, Bettina: D'Annunzio Abenteurer und charismatischer Führer. Propaganda und religiöser Nationalismus in Italien von 1914 bis 1921, Berlin et al. 2004.

Chapters:
0:00 Fiume in the Habsburg Empire
3:03 Italy and the Treaty of Versailles
07:26 The Fiume Question arises
12:16 Gabriele D’Annunzio marches into the City
16:18 The Regency of Carnaro
20:07 The End
22:04 Impact on Mussolini and Fascism
23:56 Outro