Hell is wellknown in popular culture and is a widespread belief among Christian communities today. But where did this doctrine come from? Jewish apocalyptic literature from the 2nd Temple period reveals the idea was evolving even before the rise of Christianity.

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Bibliography:
Pope John Paul II quote, General Audience July 28, 1999: http://w2.vatican.va/content/johnpau...

John Collins, "The apocalyptic imagination: an introduction to jewish apocalyptic literature."

John Collins, “Apocalpyticism in the Dead Sea Scrolls”

Kim Papaioannou, “The Geography of Hell in the Teaching of Jesus, Gehenna, Hades, the Abyss…"

Aristotle Papanikolaou, Elixabeth Prodromou (eds.), "Thinking Through Faith: New Perspectives from Orthodox Christian Scholars," p. 195

Photo attributions:
Valley of Hinnom, author Deror Avi: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gehenna...