The ProtoIndoEuropeans of the Pontic Caspian Steppe and other parts of Eastern Europe in the neolithic worshipped a paternal deity who they called Dyḗus ph₂tḗr “sky father”. With comparative linguistics and comparative mythology we can learn a lot about this ancient god from whom Greek Zeus, Roman Jupiter, Irish Dagda, Vedic Dyáuṣ Pitṛ́ and Norse Odin and many others also derive. In this video I explain what we know about the god’s mythic roles relating to cattle, his relationship to other gods in the IndoEuropean religion and his association with different animals in later pagan religions.

The Sky Father is the most well attested of all the IndoEuropean gods and is central to our understanding of ProtoIndoEuropean religion.

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Music in order:
theme song: Wolcensmen Sunne
Altyn Tuu Altai Tuva
Xuriuos Steppe expansion
Elegiac Ashwind interlude
Doug Maxwell Bansure raga
Sjhof path to the temple
Ormgård Sjálfsforn
Stark Von Oben Imperator
Halindir Hedelandet II
Kevin McLeod Dhaka
Myling Töcken
Borg The May queen enters the circle

Sources:
Anthony, D., ‘The Horse, the Wheel, and Language’ 2007. https://amzn.to/3wOUyUQ
Dumezil, G., ‘Mythe et Épopée’ 1973
Dumezil, G., ‘MitraVaruna: An Essay on Two IndoEuropean Representations of Sovereignty’, 1988. https://amzn.to/3gON9iX
Kershaw, K., ‘The oneeyed god: Odin and the (Indo)Germanic Männerbünde’ (Journal of IndoEuropean studies monograph) 2000. https://amzn.to/3qrPUKg
Lincoln, B., ‘THE INDOEUROPEAN MYTH OF CREATION’ 1975
Matasović, R., ‘A Reader in Comparative IndoEuropean Religion’ 2010
Mylonas, G. E., ‘The Eagle of Zeus’ 1946
Puhvel, J., ‘Victimal Hierarchies in IndoEuropean Animal Sacrifice’: The American Journal of Philology , Autumn, 1978, Vol. 99, No. 3 (Autumn, 1978), pp. 354362
Puhvel, J., ‘Comparative Mythology’ 1987. https://amzn.to/3xJVdHb

00:00 Intro
01:34 IndoEuropeans and their beliefs
03:55 Comparative mythology
05:00 Linguistics
07:55 Identifying the sky father
11:15 IndoEuropean cosmogenesis
14:24 Celestial vs Terrestrial and Hieros Gamos
16:24 Sovereign gods
17:15 Zeus
18:34 Horse twins
19:49 Sacrificial beasts
22:28 Bulls
23:21 Eagles
24:52 Wolves
26:25 Conclusion