The Maya civilization, known for its advanced knowledge of astronomy and mathematics, developed one of the most sophisticated and intricate calendrical systems in the ancient world. This system, which includes the Tzolk'in (sacred calendar), the Haab' (solar calendar), and the Long Count calendar, was not only a means of tracking time but also a fundamental part of Maya culture, religion, and daily life. The Maya's profound understanding of time and the cosmos is evident in their architecture, inscriptions, and rituals, reflecting a deep connection between the heavens and the earth.

The Maya civilization flourished in the regions of presentday Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, and El Salvador, a landscape characterized by dense jungles, towering mountains, and expansive coastal plains. This diverse geography provided a rich environment for the Maya to develop their agricultural practices, build their cities, and advance their astronomical observations. The heartland of the Maya civilization, the Petén region of northern Guatemala, is particularly significant for its dense concentration of ancient cities and ceremonial centers, such as Tikal, Uaxactun, and El Mirador, which served as hubs of cultural and scientific innovation.