The Yuan Dynasty (12711368), established by Kublai Khan, marked the first time China was ruled by nonHan emperors. Initially, the Yuan strengthened trade, notably through the Silk Road, and introduced reforms to consolidate their power. However, their rule was plagued by problems. The administration struggled with corruption, heavy taxation, and inflation caused by overprinting paper money. Natural disasters, such as floods and famines, exacerbated the suffering of the peasantry, leading to widespread discontent.

The dynasty's downfall began with the Red Turban Rebellion, a movement led by the White Lotus Society aiming to restore Han Chinese rule. Zhu Yuanzhang emerged as a prominent leader, capturing the Yuan capital, Dadu (modernday Beijing), in 1368. This victory marked the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, as Zhu declared himself the Hongwu Emperor. The Yuan's inability to address internal strife and external pressures ultimately led to their collapse.

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