The Tesla 2170 LithiumIon battery cell and other high capacity lithiumion battery cell technologies all represent the first hopeful steps in transitioning society towards a new standard in practical and economical transportation via electric vehicles.

HOW BATTERIES WORK

The modern incarnation of the electrochemical battery is credited to the Italian scientist Alessandro Volta, who put together the first battery in response to the misguided findings of his colleague, Luigi Galvani. Volta suspected that the electric current came from the two dissimilar metals and it was being transmitted through the frogs’ tissues, not originating from it. Volta had developed the first electrochemical battery, known as a voltaic pile.

Individual cells can be combined into configurations that can both increase the total voltage and current capacity. This is known as a battery. On primary batteries, the electrodes become depleted as they release their positive or negative ions into the electrolyte, or the buildup of reaction products on the electrodes prevents the reaction from continuing. This results in a onetime use battery.

In secondary batteries, the chemical reaction that occurred during discharge can be reversed.

FIRST RECHARGEABLE BATTERY

In 1859, the French physicist Gaston Planté would invent the leadacid battery, the firstever battery that could be recharged. By the 1880s, the leadacid battery would take on a more practical form with each cell consisting of interlaced plates of lead and lead dioxide.

In the early 1900s, the electric vehicle began to grow in popularity in the United States, after thriving in Europe for over 15 years. Within a few years, most electric vehicle manufacturers had ceased production.

NiMH

In the late 1960s, research had begun by the global communications company COMSAT, on a relatively new battery chemistry called nickelhydrogen. Designed specifically for use on satellites, probes, and other space vehicles, these batteries used hydrogen stored at up to 82 bar with a nickel oxide hydroxide cathode and a platinumbased catalyst anode that behaved similarly to a hydrogen fuel cell. The pressure of hydrogen would decrease as the cell is depleted offering a reliable indicator of the batteries charge.

Though nickelhydrogen batteries offered only a slightly better energy storage capacity than leadacid batteries, their service life exceeded 15 years and they had a cycle durability exceeding 20,000 charge/recharge cycles. By the early 1980s their use on space vehicles became common. Over the next two decades research into nickelmetal hydride cell technology was supported heavily by both DaimlerBenz and by Volkswagen AG resulting in the first generation of batteries achieving storage capacities similar to nickelhydrogen, though with a 5 fold increase in specific power. This breakthrough led to the first consumergrade nickelmetal hydride batteries to become commercially available in 1989.

REVIVAL OF ELECTRIC CARS

Almost 100 years after the first golden age of electric vehicles, a confluence of several factors reignited interest in electric vehicles once again. This initiative intersected with the recent refinement of nickelmetal hydride battery technology, making practical electrical vehicles a viable commercial option to pursue. By the late 1990s, massmarket electric vehicle production had started once again. Taking a more riskaverse approach, many automakers started to develop allelectric models based on existing platforms in their model line up.

MODERN ELECTRIC CARS

Despite lithiumion batteries becoming a viable option for electric vehicles, the second half of the 1990s into the mid2000s were primarily dominated by the more riskaverse technology of hybridpowered vehicles. And even these successful early models such as the Toyota Prius were generally still powered by Nickelmetal hydride battery technology.

At the time lithiumion batteries were still relatively unproven for vehicle use and also cost more per kWh. Around 2010, The cathode material of lithiumion cells would once evolve with the advent of lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide cathodes or NMC. Curiously, Tesla is known for being the only manufacturer who does not use NMC cell technology but rather much older lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide cathode, or NCA.

COBALT

With the surge in consumer adoption of electric vehicles, comes a rise in the demand for the lithiumion batteries that power them. While roughly half of the cobalt produced is currently used for batteries, the metal also has important uses in electronics, tooling, and superalloys like those used in jet turbines. More than half of the world’s cobalt comes from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. With no state regulation, cobalt mining in the region is also plagued with exploitative practices.

SUPPORT NEW MIND ON PATREON
  / newmind  

SOCIAL MEDIA LINKS
Instagram   / newmindchannel