In the 1950s Toronto wanted to build a network of “superhighways” all across the city. Part of this was the Spadina Expressway, which became one of the most controversial projects the the city's history. But most of this wasn’t built, and today, the city center is relatively free of highways, especially when compared to other major cities in North America.

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➜ References & Further Reading:
The Expressways of Toronto
https://transittoronto.ca/spare/0019....

The Spadina Expressway Controversy
https://www.utpjournals.press/doi/abs...

Challenging the Spadina Expressway through the Ontario Municipal Board
https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/uh...

The bad trip : the untold story of the Spadina Expressway
https://archive.org/details/badtripun...

Segregation By Design
https://www.segregationbydesign.com/

Widening Highways Doesn’t Fix Traffic. So Why Do We Keep Doing It?
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/06/us...

North Houston Highway Improvement Project
https://mycity.maps.arcgis.com/apps/w...

Houston commute times quickly increasing
https://www.click2houston.com/news/20...

Allen Road & Lawrence Heights
https://thelocal.to/wherethespadina...

Lawrence Heights Revitalization
https://urbantoronto.ca/database/proj...

Allen Road Individual Environmental Assessment
https://www.toronto.ca/legdocs/mmis/2...

➜ Timestamps:
0:00 Highways In Toronto
1:04 Spadina Expressway Controversy
1:57 The Annex
3:07 Highways of Segregation
4:09 Aftermath
5:00 Highway Median Transit
6:43 Divided Neighborhoods
8:01 Urban Feeways Were a Mistake

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