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Poisoning is contact with a substance that results in toxicity. Symptoms vary, but certain common syndromes may suggest particular classes of poisons. Diagnosis is primarily clinical, but for some poisonings, blood and urine tests can help. Treatment is supportive for most poisonings; specific antidotes are necessary for a few. Prevention includes labelling drug containers clearly and keeping poisons out of the reach of children. Accidental poisoning is common among young children, who are curious and ingest items indiscriminately despite noxious tastes and odors; usually, only a single substance is involved. Poisoning is also common among older children, adolescents, and adults attempting suicide; multiple drugs, including alcohol, acetaminophen, and other overthecounter (OTC) drugs, may be involved. Accidental poisoning may occur in the elderly because of confusion, poor eyesight, mental impairment, or multiple prescriptions of the same drug by different physicians.

If gastric emptying is used, gastric lavage is the preferred method. Gastric lavage may cause complications such as epistaxis, aspiration, or, rarely, oropharyngeal or oesophagal injury. Syrup of ipecac has unpredictable effects, often causes prolonged vomiting, and may not remove substantial amounts of poison from the stomach. Syrup of ipecac may be warranted if the ingested agent is highly toxic and transport time to the emergency department is unusually long

Emetic, any agent that produces nausea and vomiting. The use of emetics is limited to the treatment of poisoning with certain toxins that have been swallowed. Although its use is now discouraged, the most commonly used drug for this purpose was ipecac syrup, prepared from the dried roots of Carapichea ipecacuanha, a plant indigenous to Brazil and Central America.

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