BCG (Bacillus CalmetteGuérin) therapy stands as a cornerstone in the treatment of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer, particularly for cases of highgrade tumors or carcinoma in situ (CIS). This immunotherapy approach utilizes a weakened form of the bacteria that causes tuberculosis to stimulate the body's immune response against cancer cells within the bladder lining. BCG treatment is typically administered through the insertion of a catheter into the bladder, where the BCG solution is instilled and allowed to remain for a specified period, often ranging from one to two hours. The immune response triggered by BCG therapy not only targets existing cancer cells but also helps prevent recurrence by promoting surveillance against future tumor growth, leading to improved longterm outcomes for many patients.

While generally welltolerated, BCG treatment may cause side effects ranging from mild urinary symptoms like urgency, frequency, and discomfort to more severe complications such as bladder inflammation or systemic infection in rare cases. Close monitoring by healthcare providers is essential throughout the course of BCG therapy to promptly address any adverse reactions and ensure optimal treatment efficacy. Additionally, maintenance therapy involving periodic BCG instillations following the initial treatment phase may be recommended to prolong remission and reduce the risk of cancer recurrence. Despite its potential side effects, BCG therapy remains a highly effective and widely used treatment option for nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer, offering many patients a chance for successful tumor control and preservation of bladder function. Ongoing research efforts continue to explore ways to enhance the effectiveness and safety of BCG therapy, further refining its role in the management of bladder cancer and improving outcomes for affected individuals.
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