What is Special Marriage Act, 1954?

For several interfaith couples including actress Swara Bhasker and her partner Farhad Zirar Ahmad, the choice to marry under a secular personal law is through the Special Marriage Act, 1954. The Special Marriage Act of 1954 (SMA) was passed by the Parliament on October 9, 1954. It governs a civil marriage where the state sanctions the marriage rather than the religion. Issues of personal law such as marriage, divorce, adoption are governed by religious laws that are codified. These laws, such as the Muslim Marriage Act, 1954, and the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, require either spouse to convert to the religion of the other before marriage. However, the SMA enables marriage between interfaith or intercaste couples without them giving up their religious identity or resorting to conversion. The Indian system, where both civil and religious marriages are recognised, is similar to the laws in the UK’s Marriage Act of 1949. An earlier version of the SMA was enacted in 1872 and was later reenacted in 1954 with provisions for divorce etc.
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